In Ancient Greek, πνεῦμα (pneuma) can mean "breath" as in "a breath of air" (literal) or "divine breath of inspiration" (figurative); it can also mean "life", "spirit", and "vitality" as demonstrated in ancient medicine as well as philosophical doctrines such as that of Stoicism.
In Latin, nouns like anima and spiritus have similar properties, with the verb spiro meaning both "to breathe" and "to be alive".
In Sanskrit (and Hindi), similarly, the noun meaning "breath", प्राण (prāṇa), also carries the meaning of "life", "spirit", "soul", etc.; this second meaning is described in Upanishads, and is also frequently invoked in Hindu philosophy.
In Hebrew, a word of comparable nature is רוּחַ (rúach). This one is particularly interesting as it shows up in the Bible in Genesis 2:7 in the form of the phrase "breath of life" (נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים).
In Classical Chinese, the character 氣 (pinyin: qi4; Baxter-Sagart: /*C.qʰəp-s/) takes a variety of meaning including both "breath" and "life", especially in a philosophical context.